Peripheral nerves are highly susceptible to injuries. Severe nerve injuries with complete disruption in the nerve continuity need surgical intervention; injuries with nerve substance loss need a nerve substitute to fill the gap. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine techniques have developed several artificial nerve substitutes of natural or synthetic origins to face this issue.In the present study, electrospun nanofibrous membranes composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyaniline (PANI) blend, further doped with camphor-10-sulfonic acid (CSA), were prepared in random and aligned orientations and tested for their compatibility with peripheral nervous system cellular components. Primary cultures of Schwann cells and of dorsal root ganglia derived sensitive neurons, and cultures of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived motor neuron progenitors, were seeded on the membranes.Firstly, atmospheric plasma treated PCL-PANI-CSA electrospun nanofibrous membranes were assessed for their physicochemical and structural features. Then, cell viability and cell proliferation were evaluated at different time points. Cell orientation was assessed by phalloidin staining. Preliminary results showed that atmospheric plasma treated membranes show a higher conductivity and hydrophilicity, together with an increased cellular viability. Moreover, Schwann cells were able to proliferate on the membranes. Phalloidin stained cells have demonstrated great differences in their orientation on aligned versus random membranes, thus showing that aligned materials facilitated cells in adopting a more physiological morphology and organization, mirroring the anisotropic structure observed in in vivo nervous tissue. Thus, PCL-PANI-CSA electrospun membranes could be tested in vivo to repair critical nerve gaps.