Peripheral nerve injury is an important health problem that threatens public health. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a biocellulose (BC) conduit and a biocellulose conduit impregnated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on peripheral nerve regeneration. Biocellulose derived from Gluconacetobacter xylinus cell culture was impregnated with 0.2 µm/ml VEGF and formed into conduits. Unilateral 8-millimeter rat sciatic nerve defects were repaired using biocellulose conduit, VEGF-impregnated biocellulose conduit, and an autograft. Walking analysis was conducted at specific intervals post-surgery. EMG measurements were performed at the end of the 8th week. Subsequently, animals were sacrificed, and sciatic nerve tissues were obtained for histological analysis. Sections stained with toluidine blue were examined under a light microscope to assess the number of myelinated fibers and vascular structures. According to the walking analysis results, at the end of the 8th week, the VEGF-treated group showed similar results to the autograft group. The EMG results indicated similar outcomes in both groups compared to the autograft group. In the VEGF group, the number of vessels significantly increased compared to the autograft and graft groups (p = 0,0013). The mean number of myelinated axons for each group was as follows: autograft 425; BC graft 396; VEGF-treated graft 429. There was no statistically significant difference between groups. Previous findings suggest that VEGF application to biocellulose grafts positively affects the number of myelin and blood vessels. Biocellulose grafts could serve as an alternative treatment method for peripheral nerve injuries.