By its very nature, incarceration restricts autonomy as it regulates all aspects of daily life. Prisons represent a unique social environment characterized by bullying, violence and reduced social interactions. Ample studies highlighted that incarceration has negative psychological and social effects on inmates, both in the short and long terms. Research is moving from a “criminal” brain to a “prison” brain perspective, showing that prison negatively impacts several cognitive processes, especially regarding recidivism.This project investigates the relationship between imprisonment and executive functions in an interdisciplinary neuro-criminological study, in which prison environments, as well as cognitive and emotional functions are assessed in a unique longitudinal design.Both newly detained and newly released prisoners are followed for one year, at 4 different timepoints, to study the impact of the first year of incarceration and the first year after being released from prison. We will evaluate social decision-making, reward and punishment processing, and emotion recognition using cognitive tasks combined with EEG.Detainees show a strong ingroup bias as they tend to be more prosocial with other (former) detainees and antisocial with outgroups, i.e. individuals who have never been incarcerated. Neural activity reveals more cognitive conflict when being prosocial with outgroups and antisocial with ingroups. At the beginning of their sentence, detainees seem to show less difficulty to recognize emotions. Learning rates and neural processing of reward and punishment are altered over the first months of incarceration.Incarceration impact inmates’ decision-making processes at behavioural and neural levels.