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Authors & Affiliations
Julie Chouinard, Rochelin Dalangin, Kenta M. Hagihara, Bryan J. MacLennan, Katharine Borges, Patrick R. Melugin, Carina Soares-Cunha, Shouvik Majumber, Erin C. Scott, Nikki Tjahjono, Kiyoto Kurima, Sakiko Takahashi, Dvyne Nosaka, Peter T. Freitas, Karan Mahe, Viviana Gradinaru, Hidehiko Inagaki, Kaspar Pogdorski, Na Ji, Cody A. Siciliano, Jeffery R. Wickens, Lin Tian
Abstract
Recent advances in biosensor technology have paved the way for an unprecedented level of inquiry into the spatiotemporal dynamics of neurochemical release in the brain. These sensors directly and specifically report synaptic signals as they are received by their receptors. dLight is a family of dopamine sensors with broadly tuned apparent affinity and dynamic range suitable to measure dopamine release between pM and µM range. They exhibit high affinity, millisecond response times, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), along with expression and targeting suitable for use in vitro and in vivo to track neuromodulation. We created Cre-dependent viruses optimized to express these genetically encoded sensors pre- or post-synaptically in transgenic animals. Taking into consideration the heterogeneity of brain regions dopaminergic levels and to improve upon the brightness of previously published dopamine indicators, we engineered new optimized dopamine sensors: dLight3.0 series. Members of the dLight3.0 series have improved SNR whereby their performances were compared to previous dLight versions in Prefrontal Cortex (PFC), Hippocampus, Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), Superior Colliculus, Basal Amygdala and Dorsolateral Striatum (DLS), with single and two-photon imaging. For low dopamine innervated regions, dLight3.6 was engineered with a Kd of 25 nM, a higher basal fluorescence, and a ∆F/F=13.1. dLight3.8 was optimized with a Kd of 250 nM, a dim baseline fluorescence, a ∆F/F=43.2, making it best suited for regions with high dopamine innervation or pharmacological testing. Combined with improved imaging and analysis methods, these biosensors could be valuable tools to decipher neural activity into its composite molecular signaling events.