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Internal structure of honey bee swarms for mechanical stability and division of labor
The western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a domesticated pollinator famous for living in highly social colonies. In the spring, thousands of worker bees and a queen fly from their hive in search of a new home. They self-assemble into a swarm that hangs from a tree branch for several days. We reconstruct the non-isotropic arrangement of worker bees inside swarms made up of 3000 - 8000 bees using x-ray computed tomography. Some bees are stationary and hang from the attachment board or link their bodies into hanging chains to support the swarm structure. The remaining bees use the chains as pathways to walk around the swarm, potentially to feed the queen or communicate with one another. The top layers of bees bear more weight per bee than the remainder of the swarm, suggesting that bees are optimizing for additional factors besides weight distribution. Despite not having a clear leader, honey bees are able to organize into a swarm that protects the queen and remains stable until scout bees locate a new hive.
“Discovery of Novel Gain-of-Function Mutations Guided by Structure-Based Deep Learning”
Life of biological molecules spans time and length scales relevant at atomic to cellular time and length scales. Hence, novel molecular modeling approaches are required to be inherently multi-scale. Here we describe multiple methodologies developed in our laboratory: rapid discrete molecular dynamics simulation algorithm, protein design and structural refinement tools. Using these methodologies, we describe therapeutic strategies to combat this HIV and cancer, as well as design novel approaches for controlling proteins in living cells and organisms.
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