Topic: apical gain modulation

Context-dependent signals shape the representation of sensory stimuli in the brain and determine which stimuli are amplified to guide behaviour. Top-down attentional signals were proposed to modulate the apical gain of pyramidal neurons in the sensory cortex, but the exact nature of this interaction remains poorly understood. Long-range orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) projections were found to respond to changes in task contingency, targeting somatostatin-expressing (SST+) neurons in the sensory cortex. We suggest that the apical gain modulation reflects the stimulus value, i.e. the future reward e