Topic: combinatorial neuromodulation

Internal states and behavior are associated with brain-wide changes in the activity of neuronal circuits. Such global shifts are believed to be implemented by changes in neuromodulatory tone. Neuromodulators originate from a few neurons and are released widely throughout the brain to alter the function of target circuits.The amygdala plays an essential role in the processing of emotional stimuli. Salience and synaptic alterations in this region are critical for emotional processing and learning. The amygdala is innervated by all major neuromodulators, yet we know little about the dynamics of n