Topic: conditioned fear

The inability to extinguish learned fear is a hallmark of trauma and stress-related disorders. The inhibitory learning fear extinction is an effective way to treat these disorders, however, the neurobiology of fear extinction has not been clarified. The Neuropeptide S (NPS) has been shown to promote arousal and anxiolytic-like effects and facilitate fear extinction. In rodents, NPS receptors (NPSR) are prominently expressed in brain structures involved in learning and memory. In humans, a correlation between the NPS system and female patients suffering from panic disorders has been shown. Alth