Topic: cue-reward delay

Various models and investigations over the years have attempted to pin down a mechanistic explanation for how dopamine (DA) neurons in the brain can exhibit reward prediction error (RPE), usually through direct analogy to temporal difference (TD) learning. However, there are two key hurdles in imagining how TD could plausibly be implemented in the brain. First, TD models of DA learning frequently require arbitrarily constructed and unrealistic components, such as a temporal chain of feature-specific neurons that uniformly tile the time from stimulus onset to reward arrival. Secondly, various p