Topic: Lister Hooded rats

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP), sub-chronically (sc) administrated to rodents, can lead to robust and prolonged deficits in cognitive functions and mimic neurobiological deficits found in schizophrenia. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibition has been identified as an important treatment for cognitive impairment in diverse neuropsychiatric diseases. However, whether GSK-3β inhibition rescues the cognitive deficits in a model of NMDA receptor hypofunction is unknown. This study examined the acute and sub-chronic effects of GSK-3β inhibition

Flexibility to changing environments is vital for survival and daily functioning. Impaired flexibility is a feature of many pathological conditions, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia, which result in a dissociation between actions and goals. The prevailing theory is that goal-directed actions support flexible behaviour, and impaired flexibility results from habit formation due to extended training, also called overtraining, whereby responding becomes less dependent on outcome value (e.g., compulsive responding).This dual-system theory suggests that overtraining results