Topic: neuromodulatory neurons

Motor activity including locomotion and other movement types influence neuronal activity in many brain areas across animal species, including worms, flies, and mice. Yet the origin of these neural representations of ongoing behavior remain elusive. We posit that in extreme cases, activity could arise from two opposite sources: neural activity could originate in superior decision-making areas and then spread across the brain (“top-down”). Alternatively, neural activity could be initiated by motor activity and proprioception, and then distributed to higher brain areas (“bottom-up”). To distingui