Topic: parasympathetic arousal

Mindful breathing has gained considerable attention as a school-based strategy to enhance learning and well-being in students. The effects of such strategies, however, remain elusive, particularly when brief protocols are implemented due to the natural time constraints in school schedules. This study investigated the effects of a 3-minute mindful breathing protocol on learning and emotions implemented in a public primary school. Using a pre-post treatment-control design, 60 primary school students completed a battery of two self-reported emotion questionnaires (Positive and Negative Affect Sch