Topic: prediction mismatch

A key component of cognition is set-shifting, which requires animals to update their knowledge of current rules or context, allowing flexible behaviour in a changing environment. This updating of rules or context relies on constantly evaluating and detecting mismatches between expectation and observed outcomes of events. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated in set-shifting behaviour, consistent with its well-established role in processing conflicts during cognitive tasks in primates and humans. However, the neural circuit