Topic: propranolol

In an uncertain world, we balance two goals: exploiting rewarding options when they are available, and exploring potentially better alternatives. One neuromodulatory system that has been implicated in mediating the transition between exploration and exploitation is the catecholamine system, in particular, norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA). Although both molecules have been implicated in decision making, their contributions have not been directly compared. When each neuromodulatory system is examined in isolation, they have been assigned similar roles in the latent cognitive processes that