Topic: reward integration

Making optimal decisions in a noisy and ever-changing world is difficult. To do this, we must continuously track the outcomes of our actions and the uncertainty associated with them over both long and short timescales. This allows identification of the underlying regularities in the world that can be used to guide behavior. But how neural circuits support the integration of experience is poorly understood. Neuromodulators are ideal candidates for tracking such variables as they can signal over multiple timescales from milliseconds to seconds. Specifically, acetylcholine has frequently been pro