Topic: RNAscope in situ hybridization

Beyond the renowned roles in motivation regulation, recent wave of studies has revealed that the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) are also involved in regulating defensive behaviors. More recently, the zona incerta (ZI), an overlooked midbrain downstream and functionally mysterious inhibitory nucleus, has been reported to play a role in modulating defensive behaviors. Despite that the ventral midbrain sends projection to the ZI, the neurochemical phenotypes of cells involved in the connection remain poorly understood.Thus we employed retrograde and anterograde tracing app