Topic: second messenger

cAMP is a ubiquitous second messenger and plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression and synaptic transmission. While calcium imaging is a well-established technique with a variety of different chemical and genetically encoded sensors, cAMP sensors have been lacking until recently and hence cAMP signaling is not well studied in astrocytes so far. Flamindo2 from Odaka et al. (PLOS One 9:6, 2014) is a genetically encoded cAMP sensor, which fluorescence intensity decreases in response to increased cAMP levels. In this study we investigated noradrenergic cAMP signaling in astrocytes