Topic: spatial orientation memories

Primary sensory cortical areas are characterized by low-level representations of sensory inputs, but whether these representations are stable over time or are continuously renewed is unclear. The head-direction (HD) signal is essential for the spatial navigation system, where it has previously been found that place representation is unstable over long periods of time. In the cortex, the HD signal is processed by the postsubiculum (PoSub). HD cells constitute a vast majority of PoSub principal neurons. Each HD cell fires towards a specific direction of the head of the animal in the horizontal p