Topic: ventral habenula

Animals make beneficial decisions for survival by evaluating positive or negative experiences induced by environmental stimuli. Aversive experiences play an important role in helping animals avoid dangerous environments and reduce harm. For instance, the aversive valence led the animals to concede defeat during fights, minimizing harm to individuals and increasing their chances for survival. The ventral habenula-raphe circuit has been demonstrated to be involved in the evaluation of aversive valence in active avoidance test. Both the neural activity in the ventral habenula (vHb) and raphe incr