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Authors & Affiliations
Alejandro Sospedra, Santiago Canals, Encarni Marcos
Abstract
Decision making involves assessing potential options and their expected outcomes. In most laboratory studies, decision making is examined through perceptual discrimination tasks with constant net sensory information, and explained as an accumulation of evidence until a threshold is reached. However, natural behavior involves dynamic, intermittently presented perceptual information, necessitating the use of memory. A recent study indicates that, in such cases, decisions align better with an urgency mechanism, which combines sensory evidence from memory or perception with a growing urgency signal than with an accumulation process [1]. In such cases, when information is provided by memory it leaks away. However, whether leakage depended on event arrival or time passage has not been determined. Here, we investigated this issue by using a combined experimental and computational approach.
We designed a task based on the original tokens task [2]. In brief, fifteen tokens were presented on a central circle, each sequentially jumping to one of two peripheral circles (targets). Participants were required to report which target they believed would have the majority of tokens by the trial's end. Our task introduced two key modifications: tokens disappeared after they jumped [1] and half of the trials included a temporal gap with no information displayed. Participants made choices with less available information when a temporal gap was presented, but still their accuracy remained unaffected.
To understand the implications of our results, we developed two computational models differing only in how information leaked in memory. In both models, mnemonic information was combined with an urgency signal. Simulations revealed that participants' behavior were better explained by a model where information leaks due to the arrival of new events rather than time passage. This challenges the notion of a decision-making network in a frozen state, resilient to temporal gaps [3], and provides insight into the dynamics of working memory. Our study highlights the importance of considering working memory dynamics in understanding decision-making processes, especially in environments with intermittent perceptual information, and supports the notion of an urgency signal in decision making.