In our research, we delve into the intricacies of neuronal structure and function, focusing on the crucial roles of axonal transport and localized protein synthesis for maintaining neuronal communication and overall health. Neurons rely on axonal transport to move organelles, proteins, and mRNAs across their extensive dendritic and axonal networks, a process facilitated by molecular motors traveling along microtubules. This is essential for cellular equilibrium and, when disrupted, is often linked to neurological diseases. We particularly explore the regulation of microtubule dynamics through post-translational modifications like acetylation and its implications for motor operation and neuronal well-being.Moreover, our study examines neurons'capacity for peripheral protein synthesis, a vital response mechanism to environmental stimuli. Utilizing mouse models, we have innovated methodologies to scrutinize protein synthesis within dynamic organelles, and developed a novel technique to isolate active cargoes from mouse neurons, enabling detailed analysis of their protein and mRNA compositions. This includes generating neuron-like cells that mimic primary neurons' key processes for further investigation. Using the SunTag system, we assess the translation dynamics of targeted mRNAs within these cells.Our comprehensive approach sheds light on the complex mechanisms underlying neuronal operation, offering new insights into the cellular basis of neurological health and disease. Through these methodologies, we aim to enhance understanding of the molecular intricacies involved in neuronal transport and translation processes, contributing valuable knowledge to the neuroscience community.