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Authors & Affiliations
Chockalingam Ramanathan, David Eriksson, Julia Veit
Abstract
Most brain functions rely on constant interactions among specialized brain areas. In primates, synchronized oscillations in distinct frequency bands have been suggested to facilitate the routing of feedforward and feedback signals across hierarchically organized visual areas. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Previous studies in mice identified two distinct visually induced gamma rhythms: a luminance-dependent narrowband high gamma rhythm (~60Hz) in both V1 and higher visual areas and a context-dependent low gamma rhythm (~30Hz) in V1. Our analysis of the open-source Allen Institute Neuropixels dataset revealed the presence of this low-gamma oscillation throughout the entire visual cortical hierarchy at varying strengths across cortical layers. To understand the properties and synchronisation of these oscillations across visual cortical areas, we performed simultaneous multi-areal Neuropixels recordings combined with causal optogenetic perturbations in retinotopically-matched locations in V1 and LM of awake, head-fixed mice. The low- and high-frequency gamma rhythms exhibit distinct stimulus dependencies and laminar synchronization profiles in both V1 and LM. Interareal coherence and Granger causality indicate bidirectional communication between V1 and LM. Optogenetic silencing of V1 led to a decline in low gamma activity within both V1 and LM, leaving high gamma activity unaffected. Furthermore, the inhibition of somatostatin interneurons in LM also reduced low gamma activity within LM, suggesting a combined contribution of feedforward entrainment and a local PING mechanism in the generation of this rhythm in LM.