Endurance training can improve cognitive function in aging people. It seems related to the expression of neurotrophic factors stimulating neurogenesis in the hippocampus and synaptic plasticity in the cortex and/or hippocampus. However, the benefits are highly dependent on the duration, intensity and frequency of exercise, which remains to determine. The aim of the current study is to compare 4 weeks of either high-intensity interval (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous (MICT) training on cognition, endurance and sensorimotor performance, and neuroplasticity markers. For that, 24 aged rats (20 ± 2 months) were randomly divided into 3 groups: Control (n = 9), MICT (n = 7) and HIIT (n = 6). Endurance was assessed by an incremental treadmill exercise test, the sensorimotor performance by grip strength and the adhesive removal test, and the short-term memory by the novel object recognition test. The brain was removed to assess the experssion of cerebral markers by Western blot and ELISA. Also, RNA sequencing was performed. Grip strength and endurance were measured at PRE, 2 weeks and POST training while cognition and tactile sensitivity at POST. Both trainings improved i) lactate-threshold related speed, ii) maximal speed, iii) memory, tactile sensitivity and forelimb strength compared to the control group. Moreover, both MICT and HIIT increase cortical and hippocampal markers related to brain plasticity. However, MICT stimulates a greater number of cerebral markers involved in synaptic plasticity in both the cortex and hippocampus than HIIT. Finally, both training regimens are complementary in regard with their effects on neurotrophic factor expression.