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Authors & Affiliations
Andrea Giorgi, Edwin Gatier, Julien Bouvier
Abstract
Kinematics and neuronal circuits for straight-trajectory forward locomotion have been well-explored. However, only few investigations delved into the various motor strategies for locomotor turning and the corresponding neuronal drivers. Recently, we revealed in mice that the unilateral activation of V2a reticulospinal neurons in the gigantocellular nucleus (V2aGRN) induces turns marked by a temporary pause in stepping and an ipsilateral bending of the body axis. We have also shown that these features are driven independently by spinally-projecting V2aGRN subsets accessed from L2 and C2 respectively, leading us to hypothesize the existence of additional V2aGRN groups controlling the multiplicity of actions relevant for turning. We tested this here by optogenetically manipulating various projection-accessed V2aGRN subsets during motion capture recording of freely behaving mice. Our kinematic analysis, which includes tridimensional body rotations around multiple joints and tridimensional characterization of the stepping cycle, revealed three distinct V2aGRN macro-modules relevant for turning: one reorienting the body by bending critical joints from the neck to the trunk (accessed from C2 to T10), another for negatively modulating locomotor speed (T13-L4), and a third one for lateralizing footsteps (L5-S1). This modular organization is corroborated by the rostrocaudal responses of ventral roots to V2aGRN neurons stimulation, recorded ex vivo during locomotor-like activity. Altogether, we characterize further the nature, organization and diversity of V2a reticulospinal circuits, extending our knowledge of the neuronal controllers driving the multiplicity of kinematic mechanisms used for changing direction. Finally, this work provides new information for integrating turning circuits into the current models of locomotion.