Organic Chemistry seminars

Sijbren Otto explores how features associated with life can arise from initially lifeless chemical components. The systems couple reversible oligomerization of comparatively simple molecular building blocks with self-assembly. Their behavior includes the spontaneous appearance of self-replicating molecules, catalytic activity extending beyond autocatalysis, and the breaking of chiral symmetry. These observations connect the emergence of molecular replication and catalysis with the origins of biological handedness.

Carolyn Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and Barry Sharpless explain the development of reliable reactions for connecting molecular components and the extension of those reactions into biological systems. Meldal and Sharpless describe the ideas and discoveries behind click chemistry, including efficient azide–alkyne coupling, and its use as a practical strategy for building functional molecules. Bertozzi addresses the additional challenge of performing chemical reactions in living systems without disrupting their normal processes. Her account connects the study and labelling of cell-surface glycans with the emergence of bioorthogonal chemistry and its biological and medical applications. The lectures distinguish robust synthetic coupling from the further requirements imposed by chemistry in cells and organisms.

Donna Blackmond examines two linked problems in the origin of life: how an initially balanced mixture of molecular mirror images could acquire a handedness bias, and how that small bias could be amplified. She compares four experimental approaches using chemical kinetics and solid–solution equilibria. The first is asymmetric autocatalysis, including the Soai reaction and kinetic models connecting self-replication with suppression of the opposite enantiomer. Blackmond distinguishes this powerful model from a demonstrated prebiotic pathway. She then discusses amplification through eutectic partitioning and through attrition-enhanced deracemization, where dissolution, crystal growth and interconversion can produce a single-handed solid. The final approach incorporates stereochemical selection into plausible prebiotic chemistry. Examples explore reciprocal enrichment involving sugars and amino-acid precursors. The lecture argues that accounts of how biological building blocks arose must explain their chirality alongside their synthesis.

Benjamin List and David MacMillan explain how small organic molecules became versatile catalysts for constructing other molecules. Their lectures follow the independent development of asymmetric organocatalysis and the chemical reasoning that allows a catalyst to favour one mirror-image product over another. The central problem is control: accelerating useful reactions while steering their stereochemical outcome. The programme connects the early discoveries with the expansion of catalytic methods and their use in efficient synthesis, including molecules relevant to medicines. It presents organocatalysis as a broadly usable approach to molecular construction and examines how catalyst design can make selective chemical transformations more accessible.