2023 Nobel Prize Lectures in Physiology or Medicine

Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman explain the scientific development of messenger RNA as a therapeutic platform. Their lectures address why laboratory-produced RNA can trigger inflammatory responses and how modification of its nucleosides changes immune recognition and improves protein production. The programme connects those molecular findings with the practical challenges of making RNA stable and delivering it into cells, including lipid-nanoparticle formulations. It follows the development of modified mRNA from a difficult experimental material to a foundation for vaccines and other therapeutic strategies. The lectures cover both the discovery of the relevant RNA biology and the engineering needed to make that biology useful for inducing desired proteins and immune responses.