Topic: cholera toxin subunit B

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide involved in neonatal CO2-stimulated respiration. The ventral respiratory column (VRC), which contains the core inspiratory rhythm generator, receives PACAPergic inputs from the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and expresses PAC1 receptor in neonates. However, in adults, the afferent origins of PACAPergic transmission to the VRC other than the RTN; and PACAP expression changes in response to chronic hypercapnic conditions are unknown.Using cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) mediated retrograde neuronal tracing and in situ hybri

The higher-order thalamus has an important role for cortico-thalamo-cortical information processing. A precise knowledge of the anatomical structure of thalamocortical projections is necessary to better understand this kind of information processing compared to direct cortico-cortical routes. Therefore, neurons in the thalamus of mice were retrogradely labelled by injecting cholera toxin subunit B conjugates into the primary somatosensory cortex and the motor cortex. The stained neurons were automatically detected in the microscopic images and then assigned to corresponding anatomical structur