Topic: entopallium

Pigeons exhibit superior visual capabilities compared to humans, with enhanced luminance and colour discrimination, and visual acuity supported by more than double the axon count in their optic nerves despite their much smaller size. A growing body of behavioural evidence suggests that many birds, including pigeons, can perform abstract visual categorisation and concept formation, once thought exclusive to humans and other primates. The evolutionary divergence of avian and human brains occurred more than 300 million years ago, raising the intriguing question of how equivalent levels of visual

Mammals evolved a highly structured neocortex, composed of six cellular layers that are organized in functional columns. At first sight, the avian forebrain lacks a structured neocortex. However, the microstructural level of the avian sensory forebrain exhibits remarkable anatomical similarities to the mammalian brain organization. This study focuses on investigating the functional properties of three avian visual forebrain structures, to determine whether both taxa share a common functional neural circuitry, despite apparent anatomical differences. We conducted multi-channel electrophysiologi