Topic: freely moving animals

Nedah Nemati examines how neuroscience defines behavior and why freely moving animals and naturalistic experiments matter. She discusses how tools, historical assumptions and researchers' own experience influence scientific questions, including what studies of sleep reveal about the relationship between observation and explanation.

Karl Deisseroth explains how light-sensitive microbial proteins became tools for investigating brain circuits in living, freely moving animals. By controlling selected classes of neurons, and sometimes individual cells, optogenetics allows researchers to ask how cellular activity contributes to behaviour and mental experience. The lecture connects the discovery and development of these tools with questions about emotions, the neural pathways that generate our inner experience, and processes disrupted in psychiatric illness. It considers both basic research and clinical possibilities, includin