Michael Manga explains how water changes volcanic eruptions, including explosive interactions between magma and external water and the effects of dissolved water as magma depressurizes. The discussion includes the 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and extends to water-related volcanism on Mars and icy moons.
Keith Klepeis explains how magma travels from deep crustal sources into the upper crust and crystallizes into plutons. Observations from southern Fiordland in New Zealand reveal the resulting structures and constrain their origin and evolution. The discussion links magma transport with the three-dimensional organization of intrusive rocks.