Topic: Pax2

Morphine is one of the most effective analgesics used in the clinical management of pain. However, prolonged exposure to morphine results in a broad spectrum of adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. Our prior findings indicate that the activation of the dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) prevents morphine addiction by modulating dopamine signalling in striatal regions involved in drug-habit formation and consolidation, without altering morphine-induced analgesia. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that D4R in the terminals of primary nociceptors contributes to the anti-nociceptive eff

Dynamic reorganization of neuronal circuits in the spinal dorsal horn is assumed to cause sensitization in the neuropathic pain. In our previous study, brain-enriched guanylate kinase associated-protein (BEGAIN) was identified as an increased protein in the spinal dorsal horn in the neuropathic pain and the mechanical allodynia was attenuated in the BEGAIN-knockout mice. BEAGIN-expressing neurons have not yet been identified because BEGAIN protein is detected in highly localized dendritic regions, not in the cell body. To identify BEGAIN-expressing neurons, double in situ hybridization with RN