Topic: picrotoxin

Focal cortical dysplasia type ll (FCD2) is a congenital brain abnormality characterized by atypical focal brain organizations and dysmorphic neurons, frequently associated with refractory epilepsy. One causative mutation of FCD2 is a gain-of-function mutation in Ras Homologue Enriched in Brain (RHEB), RHEB-p.P37L. Studies on tissue resected from FCD2 patients suggest an elevated NKCC1:KCC2 compared to control tissue. The relative expression of these chloride transporters regulates the chloride reversal potential (ECl). The typical hyperpolarization of ECl during development, due to the upregul

Organoids derived from human stem cells present enormous potential to investigate aspects of human brain development. In this study, we hypothesised that brain organoids represent a suitable method for studying the shift in GABAergic transmission, from excitatory to inhibitory, during development. As several anaesthetics act via GABA receptors, we aimed to investigate how the anaesthetic propofol, known to be a GABA-A receptor agonist, may affect neuronal transmission in cerebral brain organoids at different developmental stages. Organoids cultivated from human embryonic stem cells (H1-ESC), w

Reversal learning, a form of cognitive flexibility disrupted in many brain disorders, involves switching from one response to another when the reward contingencies of the responses are reversed. The hippocampus, especially the ventral hippocampus (VH), connects to fronto-striatal circuits regulating reversal learning. Previous studies reported that hippocampal lesions impaired, whereas chemogenetic activation of VH facilitated, reversal learning acquisition in animal models. However, there is limited evidence on how VH activity affects distinct stages of reversal learning. Therefore, we examin