Topic: electric foot shock

The open field test (OFT) is widely used to score anxiety and depression levels in rodents. In the OFT, fruit flies show wall-following behavior (WAFO) similar to rodents. However, it is questionable to which extent insects can perceive emotions such as fear or depression. To characterise the influence of emotion-like states on the OFT behavior in flies, we measured both WAFO and total walking (TOWA) in the OFT in wild-type flies paired with negative or positive stimuli, altered internal states, or pharmaceutical treatment.CantonS wildtype flies treated with negatively valenced biological stre

Dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity increases in response to salient environmental stimuli to mediate similar behavioral functions. However, mechanistic insight into such overlap is poorly understood. Recently, we demonstrated that phasic dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is modulated by adrenergic receptors in the VTA to facilitate stimulus-dependent behaviors. However, it remains to be demonstrated what kinds of stimuli induce noradrenergic modulation of VTA-NAc circuit. We aimed to determine which stimuli are able to evoke noradrenergic signaling in the VTA to modulat