Restraint stress

Hunger is a complex physiological drive that affects mood and motivation of an organism to promote food consumption and restore energy balance. Agouti-related peptide (Agrp) neurons in the hypothalamus sense hunger and promote feeding, however when food is unavailable, Agrp neurons promote adaptive behaviours by reducing anxiety and increasing food-seeking. Thus Agrp neurons respond to environmental stimuli that convey information relevant to food seeking and food detection. Indeed, food detection and consumption suppresses Agrp neural activity assessed by fibre photometry. However, when forag

Accumulation of heavy metals (Mn and Ni) and prolonged exposure to stress are associated with adverse health outcomes. Various studies have elucidated individually the impacts of stress and metal exposures on brain constituents and function. However, no study has examined the effects of co-exposure to stress, Mn, and Ni in the brain. This study addresses this gap by evaluating oxidative and glial responses, apoptotic activity, as well as cognitive processes in a rat model. Adult Wistar rats were exposed to vehicle (control), restraint stress, 25mg/kg of manganese (Mn) or nickel (Ni), and combi

…is critical in modulating pain and stress-induced analgesia (SIA). As a neuropeptide, orexin is crucially involved in initiating behavioral and physiological responses to threatening and unfeeling stimuli. However, the role of the orexin receptors of the NAc area after exposure to restraint stress (RS) as acute physical stress in the modulation of acute pain is unclear. The 23-gauge guide cannula was unilaterally implanted intra-NAc. The SB334867 and TCS OX2 29 were used as antagonists for OX1r and OX2r, respectively. Different doses of

Aim: Investigate the effect of restraint stress (RRS) and hind paw incisional injury, alone or in combination, on pain-, depression- and anxiety-related behaviour in female rats, and associated alterations in the endocannabinoid system. Methods: Thirty-two female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either RRS (6h/day) or no stress (no-RRS) for 21 days prior to hind paw incision or sham surgery. Mechanical or heat hypersensitivity were assessed using Von Frey or Hargreaves’ tests, respectively. Anxiety- and depression-related behaviours were assessed using open field, elevated plus maze and sucrose s