Ubiquitin

…contain a set of proteins including Ubiquitin and p62, which are usually involved in cellular degradation pathways. The abundance of CAs is strikingly increased in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), suggesting that the occurrence of CAs might either be a protective mechanism or a co-morbidity in the aging human brain. To understand the fo

Primary cilia are non-motile, antenna-like organelles present on the surface of most human cell types. They play an essential role in processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and differentiation. Primary cilia are involved in many signalling pathways, including Hedgehog, WNT, and TGF-β. Consequently, ciliary dysfunctions lead to severe diseases known as ciliopathies.The formation and function of primary cilia are closely associated with the cell's oxygen supply. Proper cell function requires adequate oxygen levels, so cells must respond quickly to any deviation from the norm. The

Wasteosomes (or corpora amylacea) appear in the human brain during aging and in some neurodegenerative conditions. They entrap waste substances originated from different cell types and can be released from the brain to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Their presence in the CSF was described using electron microscopy, PAS staining and immunofluorescence with natural IgMs and anti-glycogen synthase (GS) antibodies. However, the methods employed involved the use of a large sample volume for each staining, which hindered wasteosomes characterization. In the present work, we examined a new method to