The Department of Sensory and Sensorimotor Systems (PI Prof. Li Zhaoping) at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics and at the University of Tübingen is currently looking for highly skilled and motivated individuals to work on projects aimed towards understanding visual attentional and perceptual processes using fMRI/MRI, TMS and/or EEG methodologies. The framework and motivation of the projects can be found at: https://www.lizhaoping.org/zhaoping/AGZL_HumanVisual.html. The projects can involve, for example, visual search tasks, stereo vision tasks, visual illusions, and will be discussed during the application process. fMRI/MRI, TMS and/or EEG methodologies can be used in combination with eye tracking, and other related methods as necessary. The postdoc will be working closely with the principal investigator and other members of Zhaoping's team when needed. Responsibilities: • Conduct and participate in research projects such as lab and equipment set up, data collection, data analysis, writing reports and papers, and presenting at scientific conferences. • Participate in routine laboratory operations, such as planning and preparations for experiments, lab maintenance and lab procedures. • Coordinate with the PI and other team members for strategies and project planning. • Coordinate with the PI and other team members for project planning, and in supervision of student projects or teaching assistance for university courses in our field. Who we are: We use a multidisciplinary approach to investigate sensory and sensory-motor transforms in the brain (www.lizhaoping.org). Our approaches consist of both theoretical and experimental techniques including human psychophysics, fMRI imaging, electrophysiology and computational modelling. One part of our group is located in the University, in the Centre for Integrative Neurosciences (CIN), and the other part is in the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics as the Department for Sensory and Sensorimotor Systems. You will have the opportunity to learn other skills in our multidisciplinary group and benefit from interactions with our colleagues in the university as well as internationally. This job opening is for the CIN or the MPI working group. The position (salary level TVöD-Bund E13, 100%) is for a duration of two years, and renewable to additional years. We seek to raise the number of women in research and teaching and therefore urge qualified women to apply. Disabled persons will be preferred in case of equal qualification. Your application: The position is available immediately and will be open until filled. Preference will be given to applications received by November 30th, 2022. We look forward to receiving your application that includes (1) a cover letter, including a statement on roughly when you would like to start this position, (2) a motivation statement, (3) a CV, (4) names and contact details of three people for references, (5) if you have them, transcripts from your past and current education listing the courses taken and their grades, (6) if you have them, please also include copies of your degree certificates, (7) you may include a pdf file of your best publication(s), or other documents and information that you think could strengthen your application. Please use pdf files for these documents (and you may combine them into a single pdf file) and send to jobs.li@tuebingen.mpg.de, where also informal inquiries can be addressed. Please note that applications without complete information in (1)-(4) will not be considered, unless the cover letter includes an explanation and/or information about when the needed materials will be supplied. For further opportunities in our group, please visit https://www.lizhaoping.org/jobs.html

The Department of Sensory and Sensorimotor Systems (PI Prof. Li Zhaoping) at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics and at the University of Tübingen is currently looking for highly skilled and motivated individuals to work on projects aimed towards understanding visual attentional and perceptual processes using fMRI/MRI, TMS and/or EEG methodologies. The framework and motivation of the projects can be found at https://www.lizhaoping.org/zhaoping/AGZL_HumanVisual.html. The projects can involve, for example, visual search tasks, stereo vision tasks, visual illusions, and will be discussed during the application process. fMRI/MRI, TMS and/or EEG methodologies can be used in combination with eye tracking, and other related methods as necessary. Responsibilities: • Conduct and participate in research projects such as lab and equipment set up, data collection, data analysis, writing reports and papers, and presenting at scientific conferences. • Participate in routine laboratory operations, such as planning and preparations for experiments, lab maintenance and lab procedures. • Participate in teaching assistance duties for university courses in our field. Who we are: We use a multidisciplinary approach to investigate sensory and sensory-motor transforms in the brain (www.lizhaoping.org). Our approaches consist of both theoretical and experimental techniques including human psychophysics, fMRI imaging, EEG, electrophysiology and computational modelling. One part of our group is located in the University, in the Centre for Integrative Neurosciences (CIN), and the other part is in the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics as the Department for Sensory and Sensorimotor Systems. You will have the opportunity to learn skills from other members of the group and benefit from multidisciplinary interactions, including with our collaborators locally and internationally. The PhD contract (TVöD-Bund E13, 65%) duration is for 3 years. We seek to raise the number of women in research and teaching and therefore urge qualified women to apply. Disabled persons will be preferred in case of equal qualification. Your application: The position is available immediately and will be open until filled. Preference will be given to applications received by November 30th, 2022. We look forward to receiving your application that includes (1) a cover letter, including a statement on roughly when you would like to start this position, (2) a motivation statement, (3) a CV, (4) names and contact details of three people for references, (5) transcripts from your past and current education listing the courses taken and their grades, (6) if you have them, please also include copies of your degree certificates, (7) if you have them, include a pdf file of your best publication(s), or other documents and information that you think could strengthen your application. Please use pdf files for these documents (and you may combine them into a single pdf file) and send to jobs.li@tuebingen.mpg.de, where also informal inquiries can be addressed. Please note that applications without complete information in (1)-(5) will not be considered, unless the cover letter includes an explanation and/or information about when the needed materials will be supplied. For further opportunities in our group, please visit https://www.lizhaoping.org/jobs.html

We seek individuals proficient with the development and testing of novel transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) methods to evaluate research questions related to free will, consciousness, sense of agency, and higher brain functions.

Postdoctoral position in Human Psychophysics with TMS and/or EEG (m/f/d) (TV-L E13, 100%) Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen and Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, working group of Prof. Li Zhaoping. We are looking for highly skilled and motivated individuals to work on projects aimed towards understanding visual attentional and perceptual processes using TMS and/or EEG methodologies. The framework and motivation of the projects can be found at http://www.lizhaoping.org/zhaoping/AGZL_HumanVisual.html . The projects can involve, for example, visual search tasks, stereo vision tasks, visual illusions, and will be discussed during the application process. TMS and/or EEG methodologies can be used in combination with fMRI/MRI, eye tracking, and other related methods as necessary. The postdoc will be working closely with the principal investigator and other members of Zhaoping's team when needed. We are currently hiring for a Postdoctoral position in Human Psychophysics with TMS and/or EEG (m/f/d) (TV-L E13, 100%) to join us at the next possible opportunity. Responsibilities: - Conduct and participate in research projects such as lab and equipment set up, data collection, data analysis, writing reports and papers, and presenting at scientific conferences. - Participate in routine laboratory operations, such as planning and preparations for experiments, lab maintenance and lab procedures. - Coordinate with the PI and other team members for strategies and project planning. - Coordinate with the PI and other team members for project planning, and in supervision of student projects or teaching assistance for university courses in our field. Your application: The position is available immediately and will be open until filled. Preference will be given to applications received by November 30, 2021. We look forward to receiving your application that includes a cover letter, your curriculum vitae, relevant certificates, and three names and contacts for reference letters) electronically only through this job portal (https://jobs.tue.mpg.de/jobs/148). Informal inquiries can be addressed to jobs.li@tuebingen.mpg.de. Please note that incomplete applications will not be considered.

PhD position in Human Psychophysics with TMS and/or EEG (m/f/d) (TV-L E13, 65%) Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen and Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, working group of Prof. Li Zhaoping. We are looking for highly skilled and motivated individuals to work on projects aimed towards understanding visual attentional and perceptual processes using TMS and/or EEG methodologies. The framework and motivation of the projects can be found at http://www.lizhaoping.org/zhaoping/AGZL_HumanVisual.html . The projects can involve, for example, visual search tasks, stereo vision tasks, visual illusions, and will be discussed during the application process. TMS and/or EEG methodologies can be used in combination with fMRI/MRI, eye tracking, and other related methods as necessary. We are currently hiring for a PhD position in Human Psychophysics with TMS and/or EEG (TV-L E13) 65% to join us at the next possible opportunity. Responsibilities: - Conduct and participate in research projects such as lab and equipment set up, data collection, data analysis, writing reports and papers, and presenting at scientific conferences. - Participate in routine laboratory operations, such as planning and preparations for experiments, lab maintenance and lab procedures. - Participate in teaching assistance duties for university courses in our field. Your application: The position is available immediately and will be open until filled. Preference will be given to applications received by November 30, 2021. We look forward to receiving your application that includes a cover letter, your curriculum vitae, relevant certificates, and three names and contacts for reference letters) electronically only through this job portal (https://jobs.tue.mpg.de/jobs/147). Informal inquiries can be addressed to jobs.li@tuebingen.mpg.de. Please note that incomplete applications will not be considered.

Postdoctoral position in Human Psychophysics with High field and/or 3T fMRI (TVöD-Bund E13, 100%) Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, department of Prof. Li Zhaoping (Dept of Sensory and Sensormotor systems), in collaboration with Prof. Klaus Scheffler (Dept of High-field magnetic resonance imaging), is looking for a highly skilled and motivated individual to work on projects to probe the hierarchical feedforward and feedback brain networks behind visual attentional and perceptual processes using human psychophysics techniques and High-field or 3T fMRI methodologies (e.g., laminar fMRI). The framework and motivation of the projects can be found at http://www.lizhaoping.org/zhaoping/AGZL_HumanVisual.html . The visual processes can involve, for example, visual search tasks, stereo vision tasks, visual illusions, and will be discussed during the application process. When needed, TMS and/or EEG, eye tracking, and other methodologies can be used in combination with fMRI/MRI. The postdoc will be working closely with the principal investigators and other members of their teams. We are currently hiring for a Postdoctoral position in Human Psychophysics with High field and/or 3T fMRI (m/f/d) (TV-L E13, 100%) to join us at the next opportunity. Responsibilities: - Conduct and participate in research projects such as lab and equipment set up, data collection, data analysis, writing reports and papers, and presenting at scientific conferences. - Participate in routine laboratory operations, such as planning and preparations for experiments, lab maintenance and lab procedures. - Coordinate with the PIs and other team members for strategies and project planning.- Participate in mentoring and supervision of student projects. Your application: The position is available immediately and will be open until filled. Preference will be given to applications received by November 30, 2021. We look forward to receiving your application that includes a cover letter, your curriculum vitae, relevant certificates, and three names and contacts for reference letters) electronically only through this job portal (https://jobs.tue.mpg.de/jobs/149). Informal inquiries can be addressed to jobs.li@tuebingen.mpg.de. Please note that incomplete applications will not be considered.

Post-doctoral position in Cognitive Computational Neuroscience at the Adaptive Brain Lab. The role involves combining high field brain imaging (7T fMRI, MR Spectroscopy), electrophysiology (EEG), computational modelling (machine learning, reinforcement learning) and interventions (TMS, tDCS, pharmacology) to understand network dynamics for learning and brain plasticity. The research programme bridges work across scales (local circuits, global networks) and species (humans, rodents) to uncover the neurocomputations that support learning and brain plasticity.

Dr. Lei Zhang is looking for 2x PhD students interested in the cognitive, computational, and neural basis of (social) learning and decision-making in health and disease. The newly opened ALP(E)N Lab (Adaptive Learning Psychology and Neuroscience Lab) addresses the fundamental question of the “adaptive brain” by studying the cognitive, computational, and neurobiological basis of (social) learning and decision-making in healthy individuals (across the lifespan), and in psychiatric disorders. The lab combines an array of approaches including neuroimaging, patient studies and computational modelling (particularly hierarchical Bayesian modelling) with behavioural paradigms inspired by learning theories. The lab is based at the Centre for Human Brain Health and Institute of Mental Health at the University of Birmingham, UK, with access to exceptional facilities including MRI, MEG, TMS, and fNIRS. Funding is available through two competitive schemes from the BBSRC and MRC that provide a stipend, fees (at UK rate) and a research allowance, amongst other benefits. International (ie, outside UK) applicants are welcome.

The PhD research topic will focus on understanding key mechanisms that enable specific cognitive functions in the brain, such as language comprehension, using a combination of computational neuroscience, machine learning, and experimental cognitive neuroscience techniques. The student will develop novel integrations of mechanistic physiological and generative AI-based theories of brain organization, and test these by designing, conducting, and analyzing experiments using advanced neuroimaging and neurostimulation technologies (EEG, fNIRS, TMS, MEG, fMRI, including mobile w/ VR/AR integration).

The PhD research topic will focus on understanding key mechanisms that enable specific cognitive functions in the brain, such as language comprehension, using a combination of computational neuroscience, machine learning, and experimental cognitive neuroscience techniques. The student will develop novel integrations of mechanistic physiological and generative AI-based theories of brain organization, and test these by designing, conducting, and analyzing experiments using advanced neuroimaging and neurostimulation technologies (EEG, fNIRS, TMS, MEG, fMRI, including mobile w/ VR/AR integration).

The School of Psychology at the University of East Anglia has two lecturer / assistant professor posts available. We welcome applications in all areas of neuroscience – come join our outstanding faculty! We have great resources here at UEA (fNIRS, EEG, MRI, TMS, virtual reality, EyeLink 1000+, Tobii eye-trackers, mobile eye-trackers), including the newly established UEA Wellcome-Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre.

Several positions for postdoctoral scholars in cognitive/affective neuroscience and neuroengineering! The Precision Neuromodulation Lab at Northwestern University in Chicago is actively recruiting (https://sites.northwestern.edu/neuromodlab). We develop and experimentally apply closed-loop brain stimulation and electroencephalography (EEG) for human mood regulation, decision-making, and memory research. The leading methods in the lab include transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with Neuronavigation and Robotic Guidance, Electroencephalography (EEG), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS), Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of brain stimulation, and Computational Cognitive Testing and Modeling. Prospective postdocs will get exceptional prospects for shaping the future of precision brain stimulation therapies. We offer a highly interdisciplinary environment, tailored mentoring, and extensive support for career development, ensuring that you can grow and succeed in your field. There are plenty of on-site and national opportunities for collaborations with clinical neuroscience and biomedical engineering groups, formal and informal training, and access to research-dedicated MRI scanners, computational servers, and human phenotyping resources. The candidate will be expected to build a consistent publication record, contribute to applications for extramural funding, collaborate with other team members and outside groups, attend national meetings, and effectively communicate research findings. The position is initially offered for one year with up to three years extension. It comes with a comprehensive benefits package, including health, dental, vision, disability insurance, retirement benefits, and childcare support (see more at postdocs.northwestern.edu), and a competitive salary range of $61,000-$74,000 per year, dependent on the candidate’s background and experience. Contact Dr. Ivan Alekseichuk for more details (ivan.alekseichuk@northwestern.edu). Include a brief cover letter in the email’s body, attach a CV and representative examples of research work. The recommendations will be solicited at an advanced interview stage.

The Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC) @ Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), jointly with the University of Ferrara, is opening a number of PhD positions starting in November 1st, 2025. Research areas include improving performance and biocompatibility of electrode arrays for brain-computer interfaces, organic neuroelectronics for multimodal recordings and stimulation of the brain in vivo, hardware and software development for innovative exploration of brain signals, machine learning applications to multimodal brain and speech signals, investigation of sensorimotor functions in animal models, cortical recordings in human patients during awake Neurosurgery, and human non-invasive neurophysiology of speech and sensorimotor communication by means of TMS, EEG, EMG and MoCap.

Advancements in cognitive neuroscience have provided profound insights into the workings of the human brain and the methods used offer opportunities to enhance performance, cognition, and mental health. Drawing upon interdisciplinary collaborations in the University of California San Diego, Human Performance Optimization Lab, this talk explores the application of cognitive neuroscience principles in three domains to improve human performance and alleviate mental health challenges. The first section will discuss studies addressing the role of vision and oculomotor function in athletic performance and the potential to train these foundational abilities to improve performance and sports outcomes. The second domain considers the use of electrophysiological measurements of the brain and heart to detect, and possibly predict, errors in manual performance, as shown in a series of studies with surgeons as they perform robot-assisted surgery. Lastly, findings from clinical trials testing personalized interventional treatments for mood disorders will be discussed in which the temporal and spatial parameters of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are individualized to test if personalization improves treatment response and can be used as predictive biomarkers to guide treatment selection. Together, these translational studies use the measurement tools and constructs of cognitive neuroscience to improve human performance and well-being.

In April, we will host Nolan Williams and Mustafa Husain. Be prepared to embark on a journey from early brain stimulation with ECT to state-of-the art TMS protocols and magnetic seizure therapy! The talks will be held on Thursday, April 25th at noon ET / 6PM CET. Nolan Williams, MD, is an associate professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at Stanford University. He developed the SAINT protocol, which is the first FDA-cleared non-invasive, rapid-acting neuromodulation treatment for treatment-resistant depression. Mustafa Husain, MD, is an adjunct professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University and a professor of Psychiatry and Neurology at UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. He will tell us about “Evolution of convulsive therapy from electroconvulsive therapy to Magnetic Seizure Therapy”. As always, we will also get a glimpse at the “Person behind the science”. Please register va talks.stimulatingbrains.org to receive the (free) Zoom link, subscribe to our newsletter, or follow us on Twitter/X for further updates!

In March we will focus on TMS and host Ghazaleh Soleimani and Colleen Hanlon. The talks will talk place on Thursday, March 28th at noon ET – please be aware that this means 5PM CET since Boston already switched to summer time! Ghazaleh Soleimani, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow in Dr Hamed Ekhtiari’s lab at the University of Minnesota. She is also the executive director of the International Network of tES/TMS for Addiction Medicine (INTAM). She will discuss “Adapting to diversity: Integrating variability in brain structure and function into personalized / closed-loop non-invasive brain stimulation for substance use disorders”. Colleen Hanlon, PhD, currently serves as a Vice President of Medical Affairs for BrainsWay, a company specializing in medical devices for mental health, including TMS. Colleen previously worked at the Medical University of South Carolina and Wake Forest School of Medicine. She received the International Brain Stimulation Early Career Award in 2023. She will discuss “Currents of Hope: how noninvasive brain stimulation is reshaping modern psychiatric care”. As always, we will also get a glimpse at the “Person behind the science”. Please register va talks.stimulatingbrains.org to receive the (free) Zoom link, subscribe to our newsletter, or follow us on Twitter/X for further updates!

Mobile organisms must be capable of deciding both where and when to move in order to keep up with a changing environment; therefore, a strong sense of time is necessary, otherwise, we would fail in many of our movement goals. Despite this intrinsic link between movement and timing, only recently has research begun to investigate the interaction. Two primary effects that have been observed include: movements biasing time estimates (i.e., affecting accuracy) as well as making time estimates more precise. The goal of this presentation is to review this literature, discuss a Bayesian cue combination framework to explain these effects, and discuss the experiments I have conducted to test the framework. The experiments herein include: a motor timing task comparing the effects of movement vs non-movement with and without feedback (Exp. 1A & 1B), a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study on the role of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in transforming temporal information (Exp. 2), and a perceptual timing task investigating the effect of noisy movement on time perception with both visual and auditory modalities (Exp. 3A & 3B). Together, the results of these studies support the Bayesian cue combination framework, in that: movement improves the precision of time perception not only in perceptual timing tasks but also motor timing tasks (Exp. 1A & 1B), stimulating the SMA appears to disrupt the transformation of temporal information (Exp. 2), and when movement becomes unreliable or noisy there is no longer an improvement in precision of time perception (Exp. 3A & 3B). Although there is support for the proposed framework, more studies (i.e., fMRI, TMS, EEG, etc.) need to be conducted in order to better understand where and how this may be instantiated in the brain; however, this work provides a starting point to better understanding the intrinsic connection between time and movement

When listening to music, humans readily perceive and move along with a periodic beat. Critically, perception of a periodic beat is commonly elicited by rhythmic stimuli with physical features arranged in a way that is not strictly periodic. Hence, beat perception must capitalize on mechanisms that transform stimulus features into a temporally recurrent format with emphasized beat periodicity. Here, I will present a line of work that aims to clarify the nature and neural basis of this transformation. In these studies, electrophysiological activity was recorded as participants listened to rhythms known to induce perception of a consistent beat across healthy Western adults. The results show that the human brain selectively emphasizes beat representation when it is not acoustically prominent in the stimulus, and this transformation (i) can be captured non-invasively using surface EEG in adult participants, (ii) is already in place in 5- to 6-month-old infants, and (iii) cannot be fully explained by subcortical auditory nonlinearities. Moreover, as revealed by human intracerebral recordings, a prominent beat representation emerges already in the primary auditory cortex. Finally, electrophysiological recordings from the auditory cortex of a rhesus monkey show a significant enhancement of beat periodicities in this area, similar to humans. Taken together, these findings indicate an early, general auditory cortical stage of processing by which rhythmic inputs are rendered more temporally recurrent than they are in reality. Already present in non-human primates and human infants, this "periodized" default format could then be shaped by higher-level associative sensory-motor areas and guide movement in individuals with strongly coupled auditory and motor systems. Together, this highlights the multiplicity of neural processes supporting coordinated musical behaviors widely observed across human cultures.The experiments herein include: a motor timing task comparing the effects of movement vs non-movement with and without feedback (Exp. 1A & 1B), a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study on the role of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in transforming temporal information (Exp. 2), and a perceptual timing task investigating the effect of noisy movement on time perception with both visual and auditory modalities (Exp. 3A & 3B). Together, the results of these studies support the Bayesian cue combination framework, in that: movement improves the precision of time perception not only in perceptual timing tasks but also motor timing tasks (Exp. 1A & 1B), stimulating the SMA appears to disrupt the transformation of temporal information (Exp. 2), and when movement becomes unreliable or noisy there is no longer an improvement in precision of time perception (Exp. 3A & 3B). Although there is support for the proposed framework, more studies (i.e., fMRI, TMS, EEG, etc.) need to be conducted in order to better understand where and how this may be instantiated in the brain; however, this work provides a starting point to better understanding the intrinsic connection between time and movement

It is widely known that motor learning leads to reorganization changes in the motor cortex. Recently, we have shown that using navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows us to reliably trace interactions among motor cortical representations (MCRs) of different upper limb muscles. Using this approach, we investigate changes in the MCRs after fine finger movement training. Our preliminary results demonstrated that areas of the APB and ADM and their overlaps tended to increase after finger independence training. Considering the behavioral data, hand dexterity increased for both hands, but the amplitudes of voluntary contraction of the muscles for the APB and ADM did not change significantly. The behavioral results correspond with a previously described suggestion that hand strength and hand dexterity are not directly related as well as an increase in overlaps between MCRs of the trained muscles supports the idea that voluntary muscle relaxation is an active physiological process.

Semantic cognition brings meaning to our world – it allows us to make sense of what we see and hear, and to produce adaptive thoughts and behaviour. Since we have a wealth of information about any given concept, our store of knowledge is not sufficient for successful semantic cognition; we also need mechanisms that can steer the information that we retrieve so it suits the context or our current goals. This talk traces the neural networks that underpin this flexibility in semantic cognition. It draws on evidence from multiple methods (neuropsychology, neuroimaging, neural stimulation) to show that two interacting heteromodal networks underpin different aspects of flexibility. Regions including anterior temporal cortex and left angular gyrus respond more strongly when semantic retrieval follows highly-related concepts or multiple convergent cues; the multivariate responses in these regions correspond to context-dependent aspects of meaning. A second network centred on left inferior frontal gyrus and left posterior middle temporal gyrus is associated with controlled semantic retrieval, responding more strongly when weak associations are required or there is more competition between concepts. This semantic control network is linked to creativity and also captures context-dependent aspects of meaning; however, this network specifically shows more similar multivariate responses across trials when association strength is weak, reflecting a common controlled retrieval state when more unusual associations are the focus. Evidence from neuropsychology, fMRI and TMS suggests that this semantic control network is distinct from multiple-demand cortex which supports executive control across domains, although challenging semantic tasks recruit both networks. The semantic control network is juxtaposed between regions of default mode network that might be sufficient for the retrieval of strong semantic relationships and multiple-demand regions in the left hemisphere, suggesting that the large-scale organisation of flexible semantic cognition can be understood in terms of cortical gradients that capture systematic functional transitions that are repeated in temporal, parietal and frontal cortex.

The study of mirror neurons (MN) has a long way since its discovery on monkeys and later on humans. However, in literature there are inconsistencies on the ways stimuli are presented and on the time of presentation. Which is the best way to present motor movement stimuli? Is it possible to estimate when the mirror neurons effect take place by using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at specific time windows? In the current study we test different ways of stimuli presentation (photo and video of hand movements) and brain stimulation (e.g. TMS) delivered on the dominant primary motor cortex (M1) at different time windows. Our aim is to solve this void still present on the field and create a standardized protocol that will generate the strongest mirror neurons response in order to have the way for future studies on the field.

Menstruation is a normal physiological process in women occurring as a result of changes in two ovarian produced hormones – estrogen and progesterone. As a result of these fluctuations, women experience different symptoms in their bodies – their immune system changes (Sekigawa et al, 2004), there are changes in their cardiovascular and digestive system (Millikan, 2006), as well as skin (Hall and Phillips, 2005). But these hormone fluctuations produce major changes in their behavioral pattern as well causing: anxiety, sadness, heightened irritability and anger (Severino and Moline, 1995) which is usually classified as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). In some cases these symptoms severely impair women’s lives and professional help is required. The official diagnosis according to DSM-5 (2013) is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Despite its ubiquitous presence the origins of PMS and PMDD are poorly understood. Some efforts to understand the underlying brain state during the menstruation cycle were performed by using TMS (Smith et al, 1999; 2002; 2003; Inghilleri et al, 2004; Hausmann et al, 2006). But all of these experiments suffer from major shortcomings - no control groups and small number of subjects. Our plan is to address all of these shortcomings and make this the biggest (to our knowledge) experiment of its kind which will, hopefully, provide us with some much needed answers.

How inclusive and diverse is non-invasive brain stimulation in the treatment of psychiatric disorders?Indira Tendolkar, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry. Mental illness is associated with a huge socioeconomic burden worldwide, with annual costs only in the Netherlands of €22 billion. Over two decades of cognitive and affective neuroscience research with modern tools of neuroimaging and neurophysiology in humans have given us a wealth of information about neural circuits underlying the main symptom domains of psychiatric disorders and their remediation. Neuromodulation entails the alteration of these neural circuits through invasive (e.g., DBS) or non-invasive (e.g., TMS) techniques with the aim of improving symptoms and/or functions and enhancing neuroplasticity. In my talk, I will focus on neuromodulation studies using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a relatively safe, noninvasive method, which can be performed simultaneously with neurocognitive interventions. Using the examples of two chronifying mental illnesses, namely obsessive compulsive disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD), I will review the concept of "state dependent" effects of rTMS and highlight how simultaneous or sequential cognitive interventions could help optimize rTMS therapy by providing further control of ongoing neural activity in targeted neural networks. Hardly any attention has been paid to diversity aspects in the studies. By including studies from low- and middle income countries, I will discuss the potential of non-invasive brain stimulation from a transcultural perspective.