Topic: pro-inflammatory cytokines

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and maternal mirtazapine treatment on the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in the plasma of dams and their adolescent offspring (PP50) of both sexes.In the present study, mothers (n = 6-8/ group) and adolescent offspring (n = 6-8/ group) were divided into 4 groups: no stress+vehicle, no stress+mirtazapine, stress+vehicle, stress+mirtazapine. Dams in the stress group were exposed to CUS for a total of 3 weeks. Females from each group were then mated and treated from the 10th day of gestation to the 2

Recently found association linking viral infections to neurodegenerative diseases has raised concerns about unknown mechanisms in the communication between the respiratory and central nervous systems . We hypothesized that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer viral signals to microglia, triggering the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines by activating inflammasome-related pathways. In this study, we investigate the role of EVs released from virus mimetic poly I:C-infected human airway epithelial cells in modulating microglial immune responses. EVs were isolated from poly I:C-primed

Clonal hematopoiesis, which refers to somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), is recognized as a risk factor for stroke. Tet2 mutations exerted the greatest influence on complex cardiovascular endpoints in a study of incident strokes. The aim of this preclinical study was to explore if mutant HSC exhibit an aggressive phenotype, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and causing more damage to the penumbra area, heart, endothelial cells, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). One-leg irradiated mice grafted into with WT or Tet2-/- (induced knockout) chimeric bone marrow were subjected t

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder prevalently widespread in female subjects, characterized by a severe restriction of caloric intake, fear of becoming fat, dysmorphophobia and hyperactivity (DSM–5). Nowadays growing evidence shed light about the involvement of immunoinflammatory pathways in AN, considering the rise in the peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients (Solmi et al., 2015). Furthermore, neuroinflammation may be an additional characteristic of AN (Rahimian et al., 2021), since it has been observed in other psychiatric disorders. The Activity-Based A

Innate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in activating microglia in various diseases of the CNS. Our study aimed to examine the widely unknown consequences of stimulation of TLR7/8, which are known to recognize single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), e.g. from viruses. For this, we conducted electrophysiological local field potential recordings of neuronal gamma-oscillations (30-70 Hz), biochemical assays, and immunofluorescence in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Our findings reveal that single exposure (48 h) to the TLR7/8 agonist Resiquimod (R848) induces the release of pro-in

Bipolar disorder (BD) patients have shown increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cortisol and decreased levels of Brain-Derived-Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) suggesting that these mediators might be involved in the occurrence of affective episodes disrupting brain plasticity. Aim of the study was to assess variations in peripheral neuroendocrine and inflammatory markers during acute phases of the disease and euthymia as possible predictors of affective episodes and as a reliable signature of the disease. BD patients were enrolled during depressive or manic/hypomanic phases

Microglia, tissue-resident macrophages of the brain, are strongly involved in the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Genome-wide association studies have established their critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but their precise contribution is not yet clarified. Most AD preclinical studies are performed in transgenic mouse models. However murine and human microglia have different transcriptomic profiles with aging. Interestingly, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) – derived models enable studying human-like cells. Our project aims to generate human iPSCs-derived micr

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in young adults. A key factor in the aftermath of TBI is the response to pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin(IL)-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-17, and interferon-γ (IFNγ). This preclinical study examined key cytokine-producing cells post-TBI in mice.Adult C57BL/6J male mice underwent controlled cortical impact or sham surgery. Mice were euthanized, and brains harvested acutely at 3 hours (h), 6h, 12h, 24h post-injury, or subacutely at 3, 10, and 28 days post-injury (DPI). Mononuclear cell