Stimulating the brain for women’s health, and the long-term implications of menopausal symptoms

Jennie Erin Smith discusses research on noninvasive brain stimulation in women’s health, including postpartum depression, menstrual pain and fertility-related questions. Liisa Galea reviews the evidence on hormone therapy during perimenopause and associations between menopausal symptoms and later health outcomes, including dementia and cardiovascular disease. The discussion concerns research findings and open questions rather than individual treatment recommendations.