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“Open Raman Microscopy (ORM): A modular Raman spectroscopy setup with an open-source controller”
Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for identifying chemical species by probing their vibrational energy levels, offering exceptional specificity with a relatively simple setup involving a laser source, spectrometer, and microscope/probe. However, the high cost of Raman systems lacking modularity often limits exploratory research hindering broader adoption. To address the need for an affordable, modular microscopy platform for multimodal imaging, we present a customizable confocal Raman spectroscopy setup alongside an open-source acquisition software, ORM (Open Raman Microscopy) Controller, developed in Python. This solution bridges the gap between expensive commercial systems and complex, custom-built setups used by specialist research groups. In this presentation, we will cover the components of the setup, the design rationale, assembly methods, limitations, and its modular potential for expanding functionality. Additionally, we will demonstrate ORM’s capabilities for instrument control, 2D and 3D Raman mapping, region-of-interest selection, and its adaptability to various instrument configurations. We will conclude by showcasing practical applications of this setup across different research fields.
Inducing short to medium neuroplastic effects with Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation
Sound waves can be used to modify brain activity safely and transiently with unprecedented precision even deep in the brain - unlike traditional brain stimulation methods. In a series of studies in humans and non-human primates, I will show that Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) can have medium- to long-lasting effects. Multiple read-outs allow us to conclude that TUS can perturb neuronal tissues up to 2h after intervention, including changes in local and distributed brain network configurations, behavioural changes, task-related neuronal changes and chemical changes in the sonicated focal volume. Combined with multiple neuroimaging techniques (resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging [rsfMRI], Spectroscopy [MRS] and task-related fMRI changes), this talk will focus on recent human TUS studies.
How sleep contributes to visual perceptual learning
Sleep is crucial for the continuity and development of life. Sleep-related problems can alter brain function, and cause potentially severe psychological and behavioral consequences. However, the role of sleep in our mind and behavior is far from clear. In this talk, I will present our research on how sleep may play a role in visual perceptual learning (VPL) by using simultaneous magnetic resonance spectroscopy and polysomnography in human subjects. We measured the concentrations of neurotransmitters in the early visual areas during sleep and obtained the excitation/inhibition (E/I) ratio which represents the amount of plasticity in the visual system. We found that the E/I ratio significantly increased during NREM sleep while it decreased during REM sleep. The E/I ratio during NREM sleep was correlated with offline performance gains by sleep, while the E/I ratio during REM sleep was correlated with the amount of learning stabilization. These suggest that NREM sleep increases plasticity, while REM sleep decreases it to solidify once enhanced learning. NREM and REM sleep may play complementary roles, reflected by significantly different neurochemical processing, in VPL.
From function to cognition: New spectroscopic tools for studying brain neurochemistry in-vivo
In this seminar, I will present new methods in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) we’ve been working on in the lab. The talk will be divided into two parts. In the first, I will talk about neurochemical changes we observe in glutamate and GABA during various paradigms, including simple motors tasks and reinforcement learning. In the second part, I’ll present a new approach to MRS that focuses on measuring the relaxation times (T1, T2) of metabolites, which reflect changes to specific cellular microenvironments. I will explain why these can be exciting markers for studying several in-vivo pathologies, and also present some preliminary data from a cohort of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, showing changes that correlate to cognitive decline.
The pharmacology of consciousness
My research uses a range of methods to better understand how the brain’s natural chemicals control complex behaviours, thoughts and perceptions. I also have a particular fascination about the factors that determine the contents of an individual’s conscious experience. In this talk I will present work that sits at the intersection of these two research areas looking at the role of different neurotransmitter systems in driving changes in conscious state. Specifically, I will discuss a series of studies using ambiguous stimuli to explore the neuropharmacological processes that underly alternations in perceptual awareness. By comparing different methods and neurotransmitter systems including: serotonin (psychedelics), noradrenaline (pupillometry) and Glutamate/GABA (Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy MRS) we can start to tease apart the distinct role that different neurotransmitter systems play in coordinating conscious experience across time.
Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorders: Cracking the Chicken-or-Egg Question
Although substance use disorders (SUDs) occur commonly in patients with schizophrenia and significantly worsen their clinical course, the neurobiological basis of SUDs in schizophrenia is not well understood. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand the mechanisms underlying SUDs in schizophrenia in order to identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Since drug use usually begins in adolescence, it is also important to understand the long-term effects of adolescent drug exposure on schizophrenia- and reward- related behaviors and circuitry. This talk will combine pharmacological, behavioral, electrophysiologic (local field potential recordings) and pre-clinical magnetic resonance imaging (resting-state functional connectivity and magnetic resonance spectroscopy) approaches to study these topics with an eye toward developing better treatment approaches.
“Unraveling Protein's Structural Dynamics: from Configurational Dynamics to Ensemble Switching Guides Functional Mesoscale Assemblies”
Evidence regarding protein structure and function manifest the imperative role that dynamics play in proteins, underlining reconsideration of the unanimated sequence-to-structure-to-function paradigm. Structural dynamics portray a heterogeneous energy landscape described by conformational ensembles where each structural representation can be responsible for unique functions or enable macromolecular assemblies. Using the human p27/Cdk2/Cyclin A ternary complex as an example, we highlight the vital role of intra- and intermolecular dynamics for target recognition, binding, and inhibition as a critical modulator of cell division. Rapidly sampling configurations is critical for the population of different conformational ensembles encoding functional roles. To garner this knowledge, we present how the integration of (sub)ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy with molecular dynamic simulations can characterize structural dynamics linking the heterogeneous ensembles to function. The incorporation of dynamics into the sequence-to-structure-to-function paradigm promises to assist in tackling various challenges, including understanding the formation and regulation of mesoscale assemblies inside cells.
Mechanical Homeostasis of the Actin Cytoskeleton
My lab studies the design principles of cytoskeletal materials the drive cellular morphogenesis, with a focus on contractile machinery in adherent cells. In addition to force generation, a key feature of these materials are distributed force sensors which allow for rapid assembly, adaptation, repair and disintegration. Here I will describe how optogenetic control of RhoA GTPase is a powerful and versatile force spectroscopy approach of cytoskeletal assemblies and its recent use to probe repair response in actomyosin stress fibers. I will also describe our recent identification of 18 proteins from the zyxin, paxillin, Tes and Enigma families with mechanosensitive LIM (Lin11, Isl- 1 & Mec-3) domains that bind exclusively to mechanically stressed actin filaments. Our results suggest that the evolutionary emergence of contractile F-actin machinery coincided with, or required, proteins that could report on the stresses present there to maintain homeostasis of actively stressed networks.